浅谈裁判文书发展变化/谭荣光

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浅谈裁判文书发展变化

谭荣光


  一般讲研究某个国家或某个时期的法律制度,人们往往喜欢以这个国家或这个时期制定了哪些法律、作出了哪些规定为依据,至于这些法律和规定是否在在中施行了,施行的效果如何,往往不作深究,可能也难以深究。我就常常怀疑历史上那些被今人引为经典的法律制度在帝王不重视或者社会动乱的时代是否真的得到实施。实际上,仅仅局限于立法层面的研究是不全面的,有时会是不真实的。因为有的立法在实践中可能并没有真正的执行,有些在实践中切实得到遵循的规则,可能并不表现为法律的形式。我国的司法传统向来强调天理、国法和人情的统一,即使在没有国法的情况下,根据“天理”或者“人情”也能够照判不误。纵观2000多年以来的封建社会,儒家思想始终占据主导地位,而儒家思想既轻视法律,又排斥法治,从孔夫子到曾国藩,都把礼、道德视为上品,而把法律等而下之。所以儒家把言行人合乎礼与道德作为做人的基本标准,而把连法都不能遵守的人视为小人,必欲严惩而后快,这就是信奉儒家的帝王将相用法通常严厉苛酷的重要原因。新中国成立后前30年,人们对实现 共产主义社会充满了憧憬,对社会主义制度比封建主义、资本主义制度在道德上的优越性发自内心地感到自豪,对革命先烈无私奉献的精神崇拜不已。因此,当时不可能重视制定道德要求比较的法律法规。这就造成人民法院的裁判文书基本上没有法律可供适用,只能根据政策和常理进行裁判。例如1950年的民事裁定和1961年的判决书在本院认为部分,根本就没有提到法律,明确说是根据常情和事实作出裁判。经查,当时确无解决该案纠纷的法律法规。1976年的判决书根据的是“婚姻法第17条和有关政策规定”,值得注意的是,新中国之所以较早制定婚姻法,实际上是两个方面的推动,道德是解放妇女的需要。在旧社会,妇女基本上没有社会地位,在婚姻问题上没有任何自主权,甚至可以当作家庭财产自由买卖,可以当作男人的生育和性工具随意娶弃,而且还存在着严惩的早婚、童婚、买卖婚姻和包办婚姻恶俗。新婚姻法的出台,实现了男女法律上的平等,为改变恶劣婚俗、帮助许多妇女重新择偶了法律武器,其历史意义在今天看来也不可限量。同时,新婚姻法的一个很大的副产品是,它也为那些进城后当了干部的男人抛弃家乡的糟糠之妻、另娶城市或年轻女性打开了方便之门。我们从今天的电视剧中、从很多熟人的家庭变故中都不难发现婚姻法带来的创新成果。如果有人专门研究一下这方面的总是我想一定能够发现很多悲喜交加的案例。
  1983年判决书处理的土地房屋问题,当时还没有相关的法律规定,所以判决书也没有引用任何相关法律规定,所以判决书也没有引用任何法律。在1995年的判决书中,我们看到法官不仅引用了相关的实体法律,还引用了1991年通过的民事诉讼法,这说明我国民事法律发展进入了实体与程序并重的时代。而在2008年的判决书中,我们不仅看到法官引用了民事实体法与民事诉讼法,还看到了引用了最高法院作出的司法解释。这并不意味司法解释是新生事物,而是反映了裁判文书引用司法解释是新近的决定,目的是为了司法公开、透明和需要。
  总之,我们从裁判文书适用的法律的情况,能够看到我国相关民事法律从无到有、从少到多、从实体和程序、从立法到司法解释的发展变化过程,能够看到法律在司法实践中真实适用的情形,也能够看到没有法律法规的情况下,党和国家的方针政策,社会主义道德和人之常情对司法裁判的重要作用。或许到将来的某一天,人民法院的裁判文书,法官在引用相关的法律和司法解释之外,还会写下“参考某某指导性案例”之类。另外我们从裁判文书中,还能发现新中国司法制度发展变化的轨迹。在新中国成立后前30年的3个裁判文书中,没有看到诉讼代理人、法律顾问和律师等诉讼参与人的参与,这说明相关制度是后30年才建立或发挥作用的,等等。由此使我想到,如果有人能够把第一个引用实体法的裁判文书、第一个引用程序法的裁判文书、第一个引用司法解释的裁判文书、某个审判庭判决的第一个裁判文书和第一个有法定代理人或律师参与的诉讼裁判文书找到,研究一下这种变化后面的背景和考虑,肯定是一件很有意义的事情。

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黄山市著名商标认定和管理保护暂行办法

安徽省黄山市人民政府


黄山市人民政府公报(2004年第6号)
关于印发《黄山市著名商标认定和管理保护暂行办法》的通知

黄政〔2004〕22号

 

各区、县人民政府,黄山管委会,市政府各部门、各直属机构:
《黄山市著名商标认定和管理保护暂行办法》已经市人民政府2004年4月28日第十六次常务会议研究通过,现印发给你们,请认真贯彻执行。

黄山市人民政府
二○○四年五月十四日
黄山市著名商标认定和管理保护暂行办法

第一章 总 则

第一条 为规范黄山市著名商标认定工作,保护市著名商标所有人的合法权益,促进创立省著名商标,提高本市产品的著名度和市场竞争能力,促进本市的经济社会发展,根据《中华人民共和国商标法》和有关法律、法规的规定,结合本市实际,制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所称黄山市著名商标,是指在本市的商标所有人在市场有较高的覆盖面和占有率,享有较高信誉,为相关公众所熟知,并依照本办法认定的注册商标。
本办法有关商品商标的规定适用于服务商标。
第三条 市著名商标的认定和管理保护适用本办法。
第四条 黄山市著名商标认定委员会由市工商行政主管部门会同有关部门、行业协会专家组成,负责市著名商标的认定和管理保护工作。其他任何组织和个人不得认定和评选市著名商标。市著名商标认定委员会办公室设在市工商行政管理局,具体负责日常工作。区、县工商行政主管部门负责做好著名商标的推荐、申报工作。
第五条 申请认定市著名商标实行自愿原则,应当遵循公开、公平、公正的原则。
第六条 区、县人民政府应当鼓励企业事业单位、社会团体和个体工商户提高商品质量和信誉,争创市著名商标。

第二章 认定条件

第七条 申请认定市著名商标应当符合下列条件:
(一)商标所有人为自然人和在本市依法设立的企业、事业单位、社会团体、个体工商户以及其他经济组织。
(二)该商标自核准之日起实际使用期限已满3年以上,商标权属无争议。
(三)使用该商标商品近3年的市场覆盖面和占有率、营销额、利税等主要经济指标在市同行业中位居前列,并且有较高的市场声誉。
(四)注重对商标的广告宣传,其广告覆盖面较广,效果显著。该商标在相关公众中具有较高的认知度。
(五)使用该商标的商品质量稳定可靠,达到市内先进水平,并有完善的售后服务,消费者投诉率低。

第三章 认定程序

第八条 商标所有人认为其商标符合市著名商标认定条件,可以向所在地工商行政主管部门提出书面申请,并提交下列材料:
(一)填写《黄山市著名商标认定申请表》;
(二)营业执照或其他合法资格证明复印件;
(三)商标注册证复印件和实际使用注册的商标图样;
(四)使用该商标商品近3年的市级以上法定检验机构出具的《产品质量考核合格证书》;
(五)使用该商标商品近3年的销售额、利税、出口创汇情况;
(六)使用该商标商品广告发布情况;
(七)商标注册人的商标管理制度和措施;
(八)该企业获得的荣誉等其他证明文件。
第九条 区、县工商行政主管部门应当自收到申请人提交的申请文件和证明材料之日起10日内,对有关材料进行初审,符合认定条件的签署意见后,向市工商行政主管部门推荐,对不符合条件的,退回申请材料并说明理由。
第十条 申请人对区、县工商行政主管部门初审意见有异议的,可以向市工商行政主管部门请求复核。市工商行政主管部门自收到复核申请之日起10日内作出复审决定,异议成立的,由市工商行政主管部门直接受理;异议不成立的,应告知请求复核人并说明理由。
第十一条 市工商行政主管部门受理区县工商行政主管部门推荐的申请后,应采取多种方式向有关部门、行业组织、消费者协会等进行调查核实或征询意见,对符合市著名商标认定条件的,提请市著名商标认定委员会进行审定,不符合市著名商标认定条件的,应当告知申请人,并说明理由。
第十二条 有下列情形之一的,不予认定。
(一)申请人弄虚作假的;
(二)申请人的注册商标被他人以“注册不当”,向国家商标评审委员会或人民法院请求撤销,正在审理的;
(三)违反认定程序的。
第十三条 经市著名商标认定委员会审定通过的市著名商标,由市工商行政主管部门发布初审公告,公告期为30日,公告期内,对认定的市著名商标有异议的,由市著名商标认定委员会进行复审。异议成立的,驳回市著名商标认定申请,异议不成立或无异议的,由市工商行政主管部门颁发黄山市著名商标证书和黄山市著名商标牌匾,并予以公告。

第四章 保护和管理

第十四条 市著名商标一经认定,该商标所有人可以其核定使用商品及商品的包装、装潢、说明书、合格证、商品交易文件、广告宣传展览以及其他业务活动中使用“黄山市著名商标”字样、标志。其他任何单位和个人不得在商品及其包装、装潢、说明书、广告上使用“黄山市著名商标”的字样、标志。
第十五条 市著名商标自公告之日起,未经市著名商标所有人许可和授权,他人不得以与著名商标相同或者近似的文字、图形、字母、数字作为企业名称或字号使用,造成误认的,市著名商标所有人有权请求工商行政主管部门予以处理。认定前,已经工商行政主管部门依法核准登记的除外。
第十六条 他人以与市著名商标相同或者近似的文字、图形、字母、数字、三维标志在同一种或者类似商品上作为商品名称、包装物装潢上使用的,市著名商标所有人可以请求工商行政主管部门予以处理。
第十七条 他人以与市著名商标相同或者近似的文字、图形、字母、数字、三维标志和颜色在同类非同种商品上作为商品名称、装潢物使用或者作为未注册商标使用,暗示该商品与市著名商标所指商品有某种联系的,市著名商标所有人可以请求工商行政主管部门予以处理。
第十八条 市著名商标一经认定,其商标专用权在本市范围内即受到下列保护。
(一)禁止他人在相同行业上,将与市著名商标相同的文字作为企业的字号使用,认定前已经工商行政管理机关依法核准登记的除外:
(二)其他经营者不得擅自使用被认定为市著名商标的商品特有的名称、包装装潢。
(三)禁止他人以任何不正当的方式淡化、丑化、贬低市著名商标,给市著名商标专用权造成损害。
第十九条 各级工商行政主管部门应当加强对市著名商标的管理,建立健全管理制度和档案,监督检查市著名商标的使用、保护情况,查处侵犯市著名商标的行为。
第二十条 被认定为市著名商标的按规定推荐认定省著名商标、中国驰名商标。
第二十一条 市著名商标变更所有人名称、地址等其他注册事项,应在变更登记公告之日起3个月内向所在地工商行政主管部门申请,并报市工商行政主管部门存查。
第二十二条 市著名商标所有人应履行下列义务。
(一)市著名商标的标志及证书应当由获得市著名商标的商标所有人自己使用,不得擅自转让给其他经营者使用。
(二)市著名商标的标志及证书只能使用在被认定为市著名商标所审定的商品上,不得扩大使用范围。
(三)市著名商标所有人应当加强商标的内部管理和自我保护,提高商品或服务质量,争创省著名商标、中国驰名商标。
第二十三条 市著名商标所有人有下列情形之一的,认定机关有权撤销,并予以公告。
(一)向认定机关提供虚假材料的;
(二)因违反法律、法规被查处两次以上的;
(三)涂改市著名商标证书等证明文件的;
(四)使用市著名商标的商品粗制滥造、以假充真、欺骗消费者的;
(五)其他违反法律、法规行为,严重影响市著名商标声誉的。
第二十四条 市著名商标有效期为4年,自认定之日起计算,有效期满前3个月由申请人申请重新认定,逾期不申请重新认定的,原认定的市著名商标自行失效,该商标不再享有本办法的权利和特殊保护。

第五章 附 则

第二十五条 本办法由市工商行政主管部门负责解释。
第二十六条 本办法自2004年6月1日起施行。


外国保险机构驻华代表机构管理办法(英文版)

中国保险监督管理委员会


外国保险机构驻华代表机构管理办法(英文版)


Rules on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
These rules are formulated in accordance with the Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China, and for the purpose of strengthening the administration of representative offices of foreign insurance institutions (hereinafter referred to as “representative offices”), and meeting the needs of the opening up of China’s insurance market to the outside world.

Article 2
Foreign insurance institutions hereof referred to in these rules are those insurance companies, reinsurance companies, insurance intermediaries, insurance associations, and other insurance organizations incorporated outside the territory of the People’s Republic of China.
Representative offices hereof referred to in these rules are both representative offices and general representative offices established by foreign insurance institutions within Chinese territory for the purpose of conducting such non-operational activities as liaison service and market research etc.
Chief Representative hereof referred to in these rules is the principal responsible person of the representative office, and the general representative is the principal responsible person of the general representative office.

Article 3
Representative offices shall abide by Chinese laws and regulations and related regulations made by China Insurance Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as “CIRC”) and their legitimate rights and interests are protected by Chinese laws.

Article 4
CIRC is authorized by law and the State Council to perform regulatory responsibilities over the representative offices.
Under the authorization scope of CIRC, the local branch offices of CIRC take general regulation of those representative offices that are located in their jurisdictions on behalf of CIRC.

Chapter Ⅱ Application and Establishment

Article 5
Foreign insurance institutions (hereinafter referred to as “the applicant”) applying to establish a representative office shall satisfy the following requirements:
(1) Good business performance;
(2) No record of any major violation of laws and regulations within three years prior to the application date;
(3) Other prudential requirements stipulated by CIRC.

Article 6
The formal application form for the establishment of representative office is provided by CIRC.

Article 7
The applicant shall submit the following documents:
(1) The formal application form;
(2) A letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution;
(3) A photocopy of the business license or the certificate of authorization for insurance business, or the registry certificate issued by the relevant regulatory authorities of its home country or territory;
(4) Articles of association and the name list of the members of the Board of Directors, management personnel or principal partners;
(5) Annual reports of the last three years prior to the application;
(6) A letter of permit issued by the competent authority of its home country or territory allowing it to set up a representative office in China, or a letter of recommendation from the industrial association of which the applicant is a member, and both types of letters shall contain information about the penalty records of the applicant received within three years prior to the application;
(7) A power of attorney signed by the Chairman of the Board or General Manager for the chief representative designated;
(8) The resume of the designated chief representative and other relevant supporting documents;
(9) Other documents and materials required by CIRC.
The photocopy of the business license or the certificate of authorization for insurance business, or the registry certificate shall be subject to notarization certified by the applicant’s home country or territory or verification by the resident Embassy or Consulate of the People’s Republic of China in the applicant’s home country or territory.

Article 8
The applicant shall submit its application documents to CIRC. CIRC shall handle all the applications according to the following conditions:
(1) If the document has a mistake (mistakes) that can be corrected on the spot, the applicant shall be allowed to make the correction on the spot;
(2) If the document is incomplete or does not comply with regulatory formats, the applicant shall be informed on the spot or within five days of all the required corrections at one time. If the applicant is not informed of such information in this period, then it is assumed that the application is accepted for review on the day it is received by CIRC;
(3) If the document is complete and complies with regulatory formats, or after the applicant, upon request, has submitted additional documents and made necessary corrections, then the application shall be accepted for review.
Whether or not CIRC accepts the application for review, CIRC shall issue a written document with designated stamp and date indicated.

Article 9
Within 20 days from the date of receiving the application letter, CIRC shall make a decision on whether or not to approve. If the decision can not be made in the said 20 days, at the approval of the Chairman of CIRC, the said period can be extended 10 more days and the applicant shall be informed of reasons for the extension.
If CIRC decides to accept the application, it shall issue an approval document; in case of disapproval, CIRC shall state reasons in a written document.

Article 10
After a representative office receiving the official document of approval, it shall register with the State Administration of Industry and Commerce in line with relevant rules.
The representative office shall move into its official premises within three months from the date on which the approval document is issued; the approval document shall automatically become invalid if the said deadline is not observed.

Article 11
Any foreign insurance institution that has already established no less than two representative offices in China shall be allowed to apply to CIRC to appoint one of its representative offices as a general representative office.

Article 12
In applying to appoint the general representative office, foreign insurance institutions shall submit a letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution.
The application for setting up a general representative office is subject to the same rules governing the application of a representative office.

Chapter Ⅲ Supervision and Administration

Article 13
The official title of the representative office shall be arranged in the following order: name of the foreign insurance institution + name of the city where the representative office is to be located + representative office; The official title of the representative office shall be arranged in the following order: name of the foreign insurance institution + general representative office in China.

Article 14
Except the principal responsible person, other major staff members shall be entitled “Representative” or “Deputy Representative”.

Article 15
Employees of representative office shall abide by Chinese laws and regulations, with high integrity and clean record.

Article 16
A general representative shall have a work experience above 8 years and hold a junior college degree or a higher academic degree; a chief representative shall have a work experience above 5 years, and hold a junior college degree or a higher academic degree.
Without a junior college degree, the general representative or chief representative shall have a work experience above 10 years in the insurance business.

Article 17
A maximum of three employees of foreign nationality are allowed in each representative office.

Article 18
A representative office and its employees shall not enter into any agreement or contract with any legal or natural persons, which might generate an income to the representative office or the foreign insurance institution it represents, and shall not be involved in business activities of any kind.

Article 19
A representative office shall have official premises, necessary office facilities and full-time staff.

Article 20
The General Representative or Chief Representative shall not work in two or more representative offices or any business institution in China.

Article 21
The General Representative or Chief Representative shall attend to the daily activities of the representative office on a permanent basis. If he or she consecutively stays away from the representative office for a period or more than one month, he or she shall delegate his or her responsibility as the General Representative or Chief Representative to a person specially appointed, and submit a written report to the local branch office of CIRC.

Article 22
A representative office shall submit two copies of its annual work report of the previous year before the end of each February to the CIRC’s local branch office, who shall then forward the report to CIRC’s head office.
The work report shall follow the format prescribed by CIRC.

Article 23
A representative office shall submit the annual report of the foreign insurance institution it represents to both CIRC and CIRC’s local branch office within six months after the end of each accounting year of the foreign insurance institution.

Article 24
If any following major event occurs in an insurance institution that has maintained a representative office in China, the representative office shall, within 10 days after the occurrence of the event, submit a written report to CIRC and copy the report to CIRC’s local branch office.
(1) A change in its articles of association, register capital, and registered business address;
(2) Division or merger or change of top management;
(3) Serious losses resulted in business operation;
(4) Penalties imposed for violations of laws and regulations;
(5) Major regulatory actions taken against it by the regulatory authorities of its home country or territory;
(6) Other matters which may seriously disrupt business operation of the foreign insurance institution.

Article 25
In case of changing a General Representative or Chief Representative, the representative office shall apply to CIRC, and submit the following documents:
(1) A letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC, and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution;
(2) Power of attorney of the proposed General Representative or chief representative signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager;
(3) Proof of personal identity certificates, certificate of academic degree and resume of the proposed General Representative or Chief Representative.

Article 26
If a foreign insurance institution intends to terminate its representative office’s operation, it shall submit a letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC, and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution.

Article 27
If a foreign insurance institution intends to change the name of its representative office, it shall submit a letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC, and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution, together with other relevant proving documents about the renaming.

Article 28
Under the situation stipulated in Article 25, Article 26, and Article 27, CIRC shall make a decision on whether to approve or disapprove of the application within 20 days from the date of receiving a complete set of application documents.
If a decision of approval is made, it shall issue an approval document; if a decision of disapproval is made, it shall notify the applicant in writing and give the reasons.

Article 29
A representative office can change its office location within the same administrative area it resides only.
The concerned representative office shall submit CIRC’s local branch office of its new office address, telephone and fax numbers within 5 days from the date of changing.

Article 30
In case of changing, increasing or reducing the number of Representatives, Deputy Representatives, or foreign employees, the concerned representative office shall report to CIRC’s local branch office within 5 days from the date of changing, and submit the proof of personal identity certificates, certificate of academic degree and resume of the nominated personnel.

Article 31
When a representative office is approved to be changed to a general representative office, the original representative office is cancelled automatically. The general representative office shall apply to the State Administration of the Industry and Commerce for cancellation of the registration of the representative office within one month from the date of CIRC’s approval within one month from the date of CIRC’s approval.

Article 32
If a general representative office is the only representative office in China after the insurance institution it represents withdraws all other representative offices, the general representative office shall be changed into a representative office.
The general representative office shall apply to CIRC by submitting an application letter regarding such change signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned foreign insurance institution. Within 20 days from the date of receiving the application letter, CIRC shall make a decision on whether or not to approve. If CIRC decides to accept the application, it shall issue an approval document; in case of disapproval, CIRC shall state reasons in a written document.
When a general representative office is approved to be changed to a representative office, the original general representative office is cancelled automatically. The representative office shall apply to the State Administration of the Industry and Commerce for cancellation of its registration within one month from the date of CIRC’s approval.

Article 33
After a representative office of the foreign insurance institution is terminated by the CIRC, all the issues left unsettled shall be taken over and handled by its general representative office in China; if there is no such a general representative office, responsibilities on all issues left unsettled shall be taken over and handled by the foreign insurance institution’s other representative offices in China; if there is no any other representative office in China, responsibilities on all issues left unsettled shall be borne by the foreign insurance institution itself.

Article 34
CIRC and its local branch offices conduct general supervision and annual inspection over the representative offices of foreign institutions in regard to the following issues:
(1) The completeness of the procedures for the changes made by the representative office;
(2) The truthfulness of the documents and materials submitted to CIRC;
(3) The completeness of the procedures for the appointments or changes of staff members of representative offices;
(4) Whether or not representative offices are conducting business activities;
(5) Other items required by CIRC and its local branch offices.

Chapter Ⅳ Legal Liability

Article 35
Any representative office established without approval, in violation of certain provisions of these Rules, shall be banned by CIRC in accordance with law.

Article 36
If a representative office is engaged in financial business activities in violation of these Rules, it shall be punished by CIRC in line with relevant laws and regulations. If a representative office is engaged in profit-seeking operational activities other than insurance business, it shall be imposed a disciplinary warning or a fine below RMB 300,000 yuan.

Article 37
If a representative office fails to submit relevant reports or documents as stipulated in Article 22, 23, 24 of these Rules to CIRC, it shall be imposed a warning and ordered to make correction by CIRC’s local branch office.

Article 38
Employees of a representative office being with direct responsibility for activities violating these Rules shall be imposed by CIRC with a disciplinary warning and /or a fine below RMB 5000 yuan, according to the seriousness of the cases.

Article 39
CIRC may issue a disciplinary warning to a representative office involved in providing false information or concealing important facts.

Article 40
CIRC may order the representative offices, found in violation of other provisions stipulated in these Rules, to make corrections; those who do not make corrections within a prescribed time period shall be issued a disciplinary warning.

Chapter Ⅴ Supplementary Provisions

Article 41
These Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the representative offices established in the mainland by insurance institutions from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan region.

Article 42
These Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the resident offices of foreign insurance institutions approved to establish in China by CIRC.

Article 43
The terms “above”, “below” and “within” used to indicate a threshold number shall include the number itself.

Article 44
The approval and reporting periods prescribed in these Rules concerning licensing and reporting periods refer to working days, which exclude weekends and public holidays.

Article 45
CIRC shall be responsible for the interpretation of these Rules.

Article 46
These Rules shall be effective as of March 1, 2004, and the Rules on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions, issued by CIRC on November 26, 1999 shall be repealed simultaneously.